Unemployment Rate Time Series Biology Essay
In this chapter, we apply the methodological analysis discussed in the predating chapter to find which theoretical account is suited for our clip series informations.
The end of this chapter is to supply item analysis of our informations set in order to accomplish our aim, mentioned in chapter one. We begin by giving a brief overview of the information set used. This is followed by some initial informations analysis. Then, we proceed to the appraisal and theoretical account choice portion, where all the trials are conducted to happen the most appropriate theoretical account for our informations set.
Overview of Datas
The informations employed in this undertaking consists of 384 monthly Canadian unemployment rates runing from January 1980 to December 2011, for both sexes, where the topics are over the age of 15. The information has been extracted from OECD.Stat Extracts database.
The first 300 observations ( January 1980 to December 2004 ) are used for parameter appraisal while the following 84 ( January 2005 to December 2011 ) are used for calculating rating[ 7 ]. All informations use and analysis are done in Eviews 7.0.
Datas Analysis
As discussed antecedently, clip series theoretical accounts are merely appropriate for stationary clip series. By looking at Figure 3.2. it appears that our unemployment rate clip series is non stationary.
Furthermore, the clip series does non expose any tendency. However, a closer expression at the clip series shows that it displays some seasonality. From Figure 3.2. , we can see that the unemployment rate tends to increase in the month of March and lessening in September and October. Hence, seasonal accommodation is necessary. So, we transform our unemployment rate series into a seasonally adjusted one[ 8 ].
Figure 3.2. : Time Series PlotFigure 3.2. : Time Series Plot by SeasonsFigure 3.2. : Seasonally Adjusted Time Series Plot( Shaded countries denote recessions )The descriptive statistics for the monthly seasonally adjusted unemployment rate is given in Table 3.
2.. From the tabular array, it can be seen that our unemployment series has a mean of 8.
595313, a standard divergence ( Std. Dev. ) of 1.737207, a positive lopsidedness of 0.557454 ( greater than nothing ) and kurtosis of 2.323963 ( less than 3 ) . The value of the lopsidedness implies that the series follows a right skewed distribution while the kurtosis value shows that this distribution is comparatively level ( platykurtic ) as compared to the normal.
The series has a minimal value of 5.9 and a maximal value of 13. Furthermore, the Jarque-Bera besides rejects the void hypothesis for normalcy at 5 % degree. In add-on, the unit root trial outputs an Augmented Dickey Fuller ( ADF ) Test Statistic of -1.875236 with chance 0.
3439, which rejects the void hypothesis for the presence of a unit root in the unemployment rate series at the 5 % significance degree. This consequence suggests that our clip series has to be differentiated.Therefore, we convert the unemployment rates to first-differenced by utilizing the undermentioned expression:
( 34 )
where represents any observation at clip in the first-differenced clip series, and and are the unemployment rates at clip and in the original series severally. After taking first differences, the ADF Test Statistic is now -8.291770 and has a chance of 0.0000. Therefore, our new informations set is stationary and we can now continue to the appraisal phase.
Ocular review of Figure 3.2. demonstrates that the first-differenced clip series is stationary. Random fluctuations around zero, which is a good mark of stationarity, can be observed. The first-differenced clip series show grounds of fat-tails, since the kurtosis exceeds 3, which is the normal value, and grounds of positive lopsidedness, which means that the series is skewed the right same as the original 1.
Furthermore, the Jarque-Bera besides rejects the void hypothesis that the series follows a normal distribution at the 5 % significance degree.
Original
First-Differenced
A Observations
384383
A Mean
8.5953130.000000
A Median
8.0000000.000000
A Maximum
13.
000001.200000
A Minimum
5.900000-0.600000
A Std. Dev.
1.
7372070.219948
A Lopsidedness
0.5574540.
935624
A Kurtosis
2.3239636.181196
A Jarque-Bera
27.20077217.3777
A Probability
0.
0000010.000000
ADF Test Statistic
-1.875236-8.291770
Probability
( 0.3439 )( 0.0000 )Table 3.2. : Descriptive Statisticss of Canadian Unemployment RateFigure 3.
2. : Differentiated Time Series Plot
Model Estimation and Evaluation
In this subdivision, we use the different clip series theoretical accounts, explained in the old chapter, to gauge our first-differenced clip series informations. After appraisal, we select the appropriate theoretical account based on the Schwarz Information Criterion ( SIC ) . The five possible campaigners from each theoretical account are selected for prediction exercisings since a theoretical account can suit our in-sample informations but is non suited for the out-of-sample 1.
Appraisal of ARMA Models
We apply 20 theoretical accounts for AR ( P ) and MA ( Q ) theoretical accounts ( p = Q = 1:20 ) and 25 theoretical accounts for ARMA ( P, Q ) theoretical accounts ( p = Q = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ) to our in-sample informations utilizing the Least Squares method.Model Selection and AnalysisAs mentioned earlier, theoretical account choice is based on SIC. However, for presentation intents, we examine the correlogram of the clip series to pull decisions about suited ARMA theoretical accounts.
The designation of the ARMA theoretical accounts are based on the form of the autocorrelation map secret plan illustrated in Table 2.3.1.
Figure 3.3. represents the correlogram of the unemployment rate after taking first differences.The autocorrelations seem to disintegrate after a few slowdowns.
Therefore, a mixture of autoregressive and moving mean theoretical account is suggested for our informations. It can be seen from the correlogram that both the autocorrelations and partial autocorrelations appear to cut off at slowdown 5. Henceforth, an ARMA ( 5, 5 ) theoretical account seems most appropriate. Table 3.3. below summarizes the SIC consequences of the five most plausible theoretical accounts from each clip series theoretical accounts estimated.
The minimal SIC for the AR ( P ) theoretical accounts indicates an AR ( 1 ) theoretical account while that of the MA ( Q ) theoretical accounts shows a MA ( 1 ) theoretical account. Furthermore, the overall minimal SIC besides favours an ARMA ( 5, 5 ) theoretical account.Figure 3.3. : Correlogram of DU
Model
SIC
Model
SIC
Model
SIC
AR ( 1 )
-0.066443
MA ( 1 )
-0.067312
ARMA ( 5,5 )
-0.
124892
AR ( 3 )
-0.064332
MA ( 2 )
-0.051052
ARMA ( 3,3 )
-0.109100
AR ( 4 )
-0.052188
MA ( 3 )
-0.060788
ARMA ( 3,4 )
-0.106904
AR ( 2 )
-0.
050607
MA ( 4 )
-0.049791
ARMA ( 4,3 )
-0.105106
AR ( 5 )
-0.048937
MA ( 5 )
-0.048254
ARMA ( 4,4 )
-0.096668Table 3.3.
: SIC of ARMA theoretical accounts
Model
Test Statistic
p-value
Critical Value
Consequence
AR ( 1 )
35.0250.01430.
144Cull
AR ( 2 )
29.9230.03828.869Cull
AR ( 3 )
20.
6410.24327.587Do non reject
AR ( 4 )
17.3460.36426.296Do non reject
AR ( 5 )
13.2020.
58724.996Do non reject
MA ( 1 )
37.4710.
00730.144Cull
MA ( 2 )
34.5690.01128.869Cull
MA ( 3 )
25.2040.09027.
587Do non reject
MA ( 4 )
20.3010.20726.296Do non reject
MA ( 5 )
16.6540.34024.996Do non reject
ARMA ( 3,3 )
10.8770.
69623.685Do non reject
ARMA ( 3,4 )
16.4810.22422.362Do non reject
ARMA ( 4,3 )
15.
7320.26422.362Do non reject
ARMA ( 4,4 )
11.
1420.51721.026Do non reject
ARMA ( 5,5 )
15.5130.11418.307Do non rejectTable 3.3. : Ljung-Box-Pierce Q-test Consequences for AutocorrelationAs discussed antecedently, a clip series theoretical account is appropriate for our clip series merely if the remainders are random ( that is, white noise ) .
In this survey, we use the Ljung-Box trial to find whether the theoretical accounts selected in the appraisal stage are appropriate for our informations set. From Table 3.3. , we can reason that the remainders, when tested for up to 20 slowdowns, are random in most instances except for AR ( 1 ) , AR ( 2 ) , MA ( 1 ) and MA ( 2 ) .
Both the trial statistics and the p-values are important at the 5 % significance degree. Therefore, most of our theoretical accounts suit our in-sample informations. Nevertheless, a comparing of the consequences obtained from the appraisal phase and the Ljung-Box trial reveals that although a theoretical account has the smallest SIC, it may non ever be appropriate for our clip series ( for illustration, the AR ( 1 ) theoretical account ) .Appraisal consequencesTable 3.
3. studies consequences on the set of estimated ARMA theoretical accounts for the first-differenced and original unemployment rate informations over the period January 1980 to December 2004. The tabular array below lists merely theoretical accounts whose remainders are white noise.Table 3.3.
: ARMA Estimation Results
Model
Estimated Model
AR ( 3 )
AR ( 4 )
AR ( 5 )
MA ( 3 )
MA ( 4 )
MA ( 5 )
ARMA ( 3,3 )
ARMA ( 3,4 )
ARMA ( 4,3 )
ARMA ( 4,4 )
ARMA ( 5,5 )
The undermentioned section involves the application of non-linear univariate theoretical accounts to the remainders of the above selected conditional average theoretical accounts. In this undertaking, we allow the discrepancy of the remainders to follow both the symmetric and asymmetric GARCH theoretical accounts, viz. the GARCH ( P, Q ) , EGARCH ( P, Q ) and GJR-GARCH ( P, Q ) .
Remainders Nosologies
Before using any GARCH household theoretical accounts to the remainders of our conditional mean theoretical accounts, we examine the latter. In this survey, the undermentioned conditional mean theoretical accounts are used: AR ( P ) [ p = 1:5 ] , MA ( Q ) [ q = 1:5 ] , ARMA ( 3, 3 ) , ARMA ( 3, 4 ) , ARMA ( 4, 3 ) , ARMA ( 4, 4 ) and ARMA ( 5, 5 ) .
It is of import to observe that GARCH household theoretical accounts can merely be applied to clip series that exhibits some signifier of heteroscedasticity ( as discussed in Chapter 2 ) . First, the remainders of the conditional mean theoretical accounts are checked for ARCH effects. Then, we are traveling to look into whether the remainders come from a normal distribution.Mistake: Reference beginning non found gives the consequences of the ARCH trial applied up to 20 slowdowns.
We can detect that both the F-statistics and the LM-statistics are important at the 5 % significance degree. Therefore, the remainders of our conditional mean theoretical accounts display ARCH effects. In other words, the discrepancy of the remainders ‘ series is non changeless throughout.
Thus, GARCH household theoretical accounts can be employed. The descriptive statistics of the remainders for the different mean theoretical accounts considered are depicted in Table 3.3..
It is evident from the tabular array that the mean of the remainders are really near to nothing. In add-on, we can detect that the series show both positive lopsidedness and extra kurtosis ( kurtosis exceeds 3, which is the normal value ) in all instances. These values show grounds that the series follow a distribution, which is skewed to the right and peaked comparative to the normal ( leptokurtic ) . Furthermore, it is clear that the Jarque-Bera ( JB ) trial resolutely rejects the void hypothesis that the residuary series, { } , is Gaussian at the 5 % significance degree. For this ground, we suppose that the residuary series, { } , follows a Student-t Distribution or a Generalized Mistake Distribution ( GED ) during the appraisal of the GARCH household theoretical accounts[ 9 ].
Model
F-statistic
Prob.
F
LM-statistic
Critical Value
Consequences
AR ( 1 )
5.4033870.000082.2938631.410Cull
AR ( 2 )
5.1195810.000079.1382331.
410Cull
AR ( 3 )
3.9892250.000065.7752231.
410Cull
AR ( 4 )
3.8474970.000063.9408831.
410Cull
AR ( 5 )
4.9711730.000077.2991331.410Cull
MA ( 1 )
4.5817000.
000073.1218531.410Cull
MA ( 2 )
4.3336370.000070.1584231.
410Cull
MA ( 3 )
3.2996240.000056.
8281831.410Cull
MA ( 4 )
3.180150.
000055.1825431.410Cull
MA ( 5 )
3.
6687780.000061.7781931.
410Cull
ARMA ( 3,3 )
4.1281650.000067.5057731.410Cull
ARMA ( 3,4 )
3.
1313350.000054.4191331.410Cull
ARMA ( 4,3 )
3.0308550.000052.9840931.410Cull
ARMA ( 4,4 )
3.
0277130.000052.8691331.410Cull
ARMA ( 5,5 )
3.7765220.
000062.9936731.410CullTable 3.3. : Engle ‘s ARCH trial for Heteroscedasticity
Model
Mean
Std. Dev
Lopsidedness
Kurtosis
JB
Prob.
AR ( 1 )
6.
99e-100.2300180.8455095.
948304143.43780.0000
AR ( 2 )
4.67e-100.2296240.8080715.990846143.01880.
0000
AR ( 3 )
5.90e-100.2258550.6811005.
865792124.17630.0000
AR ( 4 )
-7.77e-130.2250280.6516105.
836984119.80520.0000
AR ( 5 )
1.01e-090.2231970.6914156.270273154.43460.
0000
MA ( 1 )
-3.40e-050.2299290.8577385.
945441144.74690.0000
MA ( 2 )
4.42e-050.2296070.
8490495.996065147.75520.0000
MA ( 3 )
-4.72e-050.2263240.
7482025.907181133.19110.0000
MA ( 4 )
-9.65e-050.2254130.7082325.
796920122.45460.0000
MA ( 5 )
-0.
000200.2234460.7850306.435562177.75770.
0000
ARMA ( 3,3 )
0.000180.2145780.7700126.038092143.08740.
0000
ARMA ( 3,4 )
-0.000190.2127590.7314926.086970143.92630.0000
ARMA ( 4,3 )
-6.04e-050.
2129050.7108046.025342137.
34290.0000
ARMA ( 4,4 )
-0.000330.2117550.
6079445.828064116.47990.0000
ARMA ( 5,5 )
0.0024750.2047270.6364795.
586060101.77460.0000Table 3.3.
: Descriptive Statisticss of Remainders
Appraisal of GARCH Models
In this subdivision, we estimate our stationary clip series utilizing four GARCH ( P, Q ) theoretical accounts [ p = 0, 1 and q = 1, 2 ] utilizing Marquadt algorithm. We use the aforesaid conditional mean theoretical accounts as average equations together with the two above mentioned mistake distributions, viz. the Student-t and the GED.
The tabular array below shows the SIC consequences of the five theoretical accounts selected from each mean equations ( based on the minimal SIC attack ) . It is obvious from Mistake: Reference beginning non found that an ARMA ( 5, 5 ) -ARCH ( 2 ) theoretical account with the remainders following a Student-t distribution performs better. Yet, the adequateness of these theoretical accounts should be checked.Table 3.3. : SIC consequences of GARCH theoretical accounts with different mean theoretical accounts
Model
Error Dist.
SIC
AR ( 1 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t-0.1972
AR ( 1 ) -GARCH ( 1,2 )
Student-t-0.
180239
AR ( 2 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t-0.174858
AR ( 1 ) -ARCH ( 1 )
Student-t-0.174304
AR ( 1 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )
GED-0.167881
MA ( 1 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t-0.19934
MA ( 2 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t-0.18353
MA ( 1 ) -GARCH ( 1,2 )
Student-t-0.18257
MA ( 1 ) -ARCH ( 1 )
Student-t-0.17684
MA ( 1 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )
GED-0.
17046
ARMA ( 5,5 ) -ARCH ( 2 )
Student-t-0.23129
ARMA ( 3,3 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t-0.19637
ARMA ( 3,3 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )
GED-0.18878
ARMA ( 5,5 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )
GED-0.
1827
ARMA ( 3,4 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t-0.17715To look into the adequateness of these theoretical accounts, we apply the Engle ‘s ARCH trial up to 20 slowdowns to do certain that there are no ARCH effects left after appraisal. Both the F-statistic and the LM-statistic are undistinguished at the 5 % significance degree except for AR ( 1 ) -ARCH ( 1 ) , MA ( 1 ) -ARCH ( 1 ) and ARMA ( 5, 5 ) -ARCH ( 2 ) theoretical accounts. We can reason that using GARCH ( P, Q ) theoretical accounts to the average equations take the ARCH effects present in them except for these three theoretical accounts.
Model
Error Dist.
F-statistic
Prob. F
LM-
statistic
Critical
Value
AR ( 1 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t0.6755460.849013.8849831.410
AR ( 1 ) -GARCH ( 1,2 )
Student-t0.6334180.
886013.0597731.410
AR ( 2 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t0.6515460.870813.
4169131.410
AR ( 1 ) -ARCH ( 1 )
Student-t2.0088280.007437.5839931.
410
AR ( 1 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )
GED0.7198070.804714.7464431.
410
MA ( 1 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t0.6948960.834314.
2609331.410
MA ( 2 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t0.6693120.854913.7618031.410
MA ( 1 ) -GARCH ( 1,2 )
Student-t0.6555720.867313.
4929531.410
MA ( 1 ) -ARCH ( 1 )
Student-t2.0182220.007137.7447131.410
MA ( 1 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )
GED0.7292130.
794614.9275231.410
ARMA ( 5,5 ) -ARCH ( 2 )
Student-t2.3659040.001143.
1714131.410
ARMA ( 3,3 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t0.8466060.591818.1336831.410
ARMA ( 3,3 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )
GED0.8492550.
651917.2358331.410
ARMA ( 5,5 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )
GED0.
7567600.763915.4662531.410
ARMA ( 3,4 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t0.8977160.
590318.1546631.410Table 3.
3. : Engle ‘s ARCH trial for GARCH ( P, Q ) theoretical accountsAppraisal consequencesTable 3.3. illustrates the consequences of the estimated GARCH theoretical accounts for the first-differenced and original unemployment rate informations over the period January 1980 to December 2004.
Table 3.3. : GARCH Estimation Results
Model
Error Dist.
Estimated Model
AR ( 1 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )Student-tAverage Equation:Variance Equation:AR ( 1 ) -GARCH ( 1,2 )Student-tAverage Equation:Variance Equation:AR ( 2 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )Student-tAverage Equation:Variance Equation:AR ( 1 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )GEDAverage Equation:Variance Equation:MA ( 1 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )Student-tAverage Equation:Variance Equation:MA ( 2 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )Student-tAverage Equation:Variance Equation:MA ( 1 ) -GARCH ( 1,2 )Student-tAverage Equation:Variance Equation:MA ( 1 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )GEDAverage Equation:Variance Equation:ARMA ( 3,3 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )Student-tAverage Equation:Variance Equation:ARMA ( 3,3 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )GEDAverage Equation:Variance Equation:ARMA ( 5,5 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )GEDAverage Equation:Variance Equation:ARMA ( 3,4 ) -GARCH ( 1,1 )Student-tAverage Equation:Variance Equation:
Appraisal of EGARCH Models
Following the same attack as the GARCH ( P, Q ) theoretical accounts, we apply four EGARCH ( P, Q ) theoretical accounts [ p = 0, 1 and q = 1, 2 ] to the antecedently mentioned conditional mean theoretical accounts utilizing the Marquadt algorithm. The same mistake distributions are used.
EGARCH theoretical accounts with different asymmetric order ( up to 2 ) have been used[ 10 ]. Choice of the five most possible theoretical accounts from each mean equations are based on the SIC attack. On the other manus, we conduct an Engle ‘s ARCH trial up to 20 slowdowns to corroborate that no more Arch effects are left undermentioned appraisal.Table 3.
3. : SIC consequences of EGARCH theoretical accounts with different mean theoretical accounts
Model
Error Dist.
Order
SIC
AR ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
1
-0.
201592
AR ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
0
-0.193925
AR ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
2
-0.190718
AR ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,2 )
Student-t
1
-0.185603
AR ( 2 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
1
-0.176634
MA ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
1
-0.203512
MA ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
0
-0.
196295
MA ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
2
-0.192631
MA ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,2 )
Student-t
1
-0.188012
MA ( 2 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
1
-0.185917
ARMA ( 5,5 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
0
-0.211205
ARMA ( 3,3 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
1
-0.204488
ARMA ( 3,3 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
0
-0.199611
ARMA ( 5,5 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
1
-0.197941
ARMA ( 3,3 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
GED
0
-0.197115From the SIC consequences shown in Mistake: Reference beginning non found, we can see that an ARMA ( 5, 5 ) – EGARCH ( 1, 1 ) with mistake distribution Student-t best fits our stationary clip series while an AR ( 2 ) -EGARCH ( 1, 1 ) with the same mistake distribution, but with different asymmetric order, proves to be the worst.Table 3.3. : Engle ‘s ARCH trial for EGARCH ( P, Q ) theoretical accounts
Model
Error Dist.
Order
F-statistic
Prob. F
LM-
statistic
Critical
Value
AR ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
1
0.5073210.962510.5586431.410
AR ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
0
0.8022230.710316.3356631.410
AR ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
2
0.5355640.949811.1229431.410
AR ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,2 )
Student-t
1
0.4356890.98449.11669031.410
AR ( 2 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-
1
0.4668330.97959.74707531.410
MA ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
1
0.4424490.98299.25191331.410
MA ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
0
0.7938300.720416.1736131.410
MA ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
2
0.5102360.961310.6154731.410
MA ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,2 )
Student-t
1
0.4495200.98129.39480531.410
MA ( 2 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
1
0.4260760.98648.92049931.410
ARMA ( 5,5 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
0
0.9663950.503819.4465831.410
ARMA ( 3,3 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
1
0.5170410.958410.7562231.410
ARMA ( 3,3 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
0
1.0240840.434020.5205131.410
ARMA ( 5,5 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
1
0.7898410.725216.1026031.410
ARMA ( 3,3 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )
GED
0
0.9303360.548918.7694731.410It can be noticed from Table 3.3. that both the LM-statistic and F-statistic are undistinguished at the 5 % significance degree in most instances. This suggests that the estimated clip series theoretical accounts do non exhibit any ARCH effects. In contrast to the appraisal of the GARCH theoretical accounts, we find that the add-on of an EGARCH theoretical account to the average equations take about all ARCH effects from them. This may be because EGARCH theoretical accounts better capture the heteroscedasticity presents inn our informations.Appraisal consequencesThe consequences of the estimated EGARCH theoretical accounts for the first-differenced and original unemployment rate informations over the period January 1980 to December 2004 are depicted in Table 3.3..Table 3.3. : EGARCH Appraisal Consequences
Model
Error Dist.
Order
Estimated Model
AR ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )Student-t
1
Average Equation:Variance Equation:AR ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )Student-t
0
Average Equation:Variance Equation:AR ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )Student-t
2
Average Equation:Variance Equation:AR ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,2 )Student-t
1
Average Equation:Variance Equation:AR ( 2 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )Student-t
1
Average Equation:Variance Equation:MA ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )Student-t
1
Average Equation:Variance Equation:MA ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )Student-t
0
Average Equation:Variance Equation:MA ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )Student-t
2
Average Equation:Variance Equation:MA ( 1 ) -EGARCH ( 1,2 )Student-t
1
Average Equation:Variance Equation:MA ( 2 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )Student-t
1
Average Equation:Variance Equation:ARMA ( 5,5 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )Student-t
0
Average Equation:Variance Equation:ARMA ( 3,3 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )Student-t
1
Average Equation:Variance Equation:ARMA ( 3,3 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )Student-t
0
Average Equation:Variance Equation:ARMA ( 5,5 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )Student-t
1
Average Equation:Variance Equation:ARMA ( 3,3 ) -EGARCH ( 1,1 )GED
0
Average Equation:Variance Equation:
Appraisal of GJR-GARCH Models
In this subdivision, we study the behavior of the GJR-GARCH theoretical accounts when applied to the conditional mean theoretical accounts by changing the mistake distributions. In this survey, we employ the GJR-GARCH ( P, Q ) theoretical accounts [ p = 0, 1 and q = 1, 2 ] with different orders ( up to 2 ) utilizing the Marquadt algorithm. The same diagnostic trials are used, viz. the SIC and Engle ‘s ARCH trial.Table 3.3. : SIC consequences of GJR-GARCH theoretical accounts with different mean theoretical accounts
Model
Error Dist.
Order
SIC
AR ( 1 ) -GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
1
-0.19447
AR ( 1 ) -GJR-GARCH ( 1,2 )
Student-t
1
-0.17919
AR ( 1 ) – GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
2
-0.178585
AR ( 2 ) – GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
1
-0.17048
AR ( 1 ) -GJR-GARCH ( 0,1 )
Student-t
1
-0.164504
MA ( 1 ) – GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
1
-0.196717
MA ( 1 ) – GJR-GARCH ( 1,2 )
Student-t
1
-0.181592
MA ( 1 ) – GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
2
-0.180851
MA ( 2 ) – GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
1
-0.179518
MA ( 1 ) – GJR-GARCH ( 0,1 )
Student-t
1
-0.167276
ARMA ( 5,5 ) – GJR-GARCH ( 0,1 )
GED
2
-0.214995
ARMA ( 5,5 ) – GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
2
-0.187923
ARMA ( 3,3 ) – GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
2
-0.178155
ARMA ( 3,3 ) – GJR-GARCH ( 1,2 )
Student-t
1
-0.177745
ARMA ( 3,4 ) – GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
1
-0.175624From the SIC consequences in Table 3.3. , we can happen that an ARMA ( 5, 5 ) – GJR- GARCH ( 0, 1 ) with GED mistake distribution fits best our clip series. In add-on, the adequateness of these theoretical accounts is checked by using the Engle ‘s ARCH trial up to 20 slowdowns. From the consequences given in the tabular array below, we can happen that the presence of ARCH effects is rejected at the 1 % significance degree except for an ARMA ( 5, 5 ) – GJR-GARCH ( 0, 1 ) with GED as mistake distribution. Again, the information from the tabular array is rather uncovering in the sense that even though a theoretical account is selected as the best by the SIC, it may non be appropriate ( for illustration, the ARMA ( 5, 5 ) – GJR-GARCH ( 0, 1 ) theoretical account ) .Table 3.3. : Engle ‘s ARCH trial for GJR-GARCH ( P, Q ) theoretical accounts
Model
Error Dist.
Order
F-statistic
Prob. F
LM-
statistic
Critical
Value
AR ( 1 ) –
GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
1
0.4126270.98888.64914631.410
AR ( 1 ) –
GJR-GARCH ( 1,2 )
Student-t
1
0.3777970.99367.93991731.410
AR ( 1 ) –
GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
2
0.3961520.99148.31412731.410
AR ( 2 ) –
GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
1
0.3892730.99238.17548831.410
AR ( 1 ) –
GJR-GARCH ( 0,1 )
Student-t
1
1.6198290.048231.1207931.410
MA ( 1 ) –
GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
1
0.4263270.98638.92558531.410
MA ( 1 ) –
GJR-GARCH ( 1,2 )
Student-t
1
0.4019190.99058.43001431.410
MA ( 1 ) –
GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
2
0.4196400.98768.78999531.410
MA ( 2 ) –
GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
1
0.4189990.98778.77699231.410
MA ( 1 ) –
GJR-GARCH ( 0,1 )
Student-t
1
1.6213090.047831.1504431.410
ARMA ( 5,5 ) –
GJR-GARCH ( 0,1 )
GED
2
2.099180.004739.0088731.410
ARMA ( 5,5 ) –
GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
2
0.6157710.899812.7185431.410
ARMA ( 3,3 ) –
GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
2
0.4987000.965810.3890331.410
ARMA ( 3,3 ) –
GJR-GARCH ( 1,2 )
Student-t
1
0.4579920.97909.57040631.410
ARMA ( 3,4 ) –
GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )
Student-t
1
0.4725700.97489.86415031.410Appraisal consequencesThe tabular array below nowadayss the consequences of the estimated GJR-GARCH theoretical accounts for the first-differenced and original unemployment rate informations over the period January 1980 to December 2004.Table 3.3. : GJR-GARCH Appraisal Consequences
Model
Error Dist.
Order
Estimated Model
AR ( 1 ) -GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )Student-t
1
Average Equation:Variance Equation:AR ( 1 ) -GJR-GARCH ( 1,2 )Student-t
1
Average Equation:Variance Equation:AR ( 1 ) -GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )Student-t
2
Average Equation:Variance Equation:AR ( 2 ) -GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )Student-t
1
Average Equation:Variance Equation:AR ( 1 ) -GJR-GARCH ( 0,1 )Student-t
1
Average Equation:Variance Equation:MA ( 1 ) – GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )Student-t
1
Average Equation:Variance Equation:MA ( 1 ) -GJR-GARCH ( 1,2 )Student-t
1
Average Equation:Variance Equation:MA ( 1 ) -GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )Student-t
2
Average Equation:Variance Equation:MA ( 2 ) -GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )Student-t
1
Average Equation:Variance Equation:MA ( 1 ) -GJR-GARCH ( 0,1 )Student-t
1
Average Equation:Variance Equation:ARMA ( 5,5 ) -GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )Student-t
2
Average Equation:Variance Equation:ARMA ( 3,3 ) -GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )Student-t
2
Average Equation:Variance Equation:ARMA ( 3,3 ) -GJR-GARCH ( 1,2 )Student-t
1
Average Equation:Variance Equation:ARMA ( 3,4 ) -GJR-GARCH ( 1,1 )Student-t
1
Average Equation:Variance Equation:
Deductions
The consequences, obtained in the appraisal stage, are really interesting. First, we can detect that a theoretical account may non be ever equal ( based on Ljung-Box-Pierce Q-Test and Engle ‘s ARCH trial ) for our informations even though it is selected as the most appropriate by the SIC. Furthermore, it can be found that EGARCH ( P, Q ) theoretical accounts better capture the ARCH effects present in our selected conditional average equations. In add-on, it can be found that the mark consequence of the term depends on the asymmetric order chosen while the magnitude consequence depends on the order Q of the theoretical account. In contrast, the GJR-GARCH theoretical account merely considers the residuary if it is negative when we increase its order. Furthermore, it appears from the appraisal consequences that negative inventions have a smaller impact on the conditional discrepancy since in all instances[ 1 ].