Poland ; electricity Essay

5. Electricity
   1. Introduction

Over the old ages, there has been significant sum of advancement in footings of liberalising the Polish electricity market, nevertheless, it is an on-going procedure and there is still much to be done before a wholly working competitory market emerges.The twelvemonth 2013, saw a farther development of the electricity market in Poland which was evidenced by the addition in ingestions, coevals degrees, figure of completed commercial minutess and turnovers along with lessening in electricity monetary values. The construction of electricity coevals remained unchanged with bulk of coevals coming from conventional beginnings, nevertheless, a gradual rise in renewable energy coevals was observed. At the sweeping market, high degree of concentration was maintained both in footings of installed capacity and volume of electricity fed into the web. Whereas, on the retail market an addition in figure of electricity consumers based on the free market regulations was observed. In comparing to 2012, the figure of consumers who switched providers increased by more than half in 2013 with most of them belonging to the group of families.

2. Supply and Demand

In 2013, the demand for electricity increased making 157,980 GWh ( 967 GWh higher than in 2012 ) with maximal peak demand recorded at 24,761 MW on 10 December 2013 and the minimal demand recorded at 18,271 MW on July 2013 (Figure 5) .

[ [ 1 ] ] Whereas, the lowest national demand was recorded at 11,243 MW on 7 July 2013 ( 1,084 MW less than in 2012 ) .Figure 5Electricity demand formson the yearssFigure 6Electricity productions inwhen the upper limit and minimal national electricity1950-2013demand took topographic point in 2013

png” src=”https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1464787.004.png”/>Table 8Major CHP workss and power bring forthing units in Poland [[ 5 ]]

3. Market reform and industry construction
   1. Sweeping market

In comparing to the old old ages, the figure of single energy groups every bit good as construction of these entities did non alter much with PGE Polska Grupa Energetyczna SA ( 39.

3 % – lessening from 40.5 % in 2012 ) and TAURON Polska Energia SA ( 13.6 % – lessening from 13.7 % in 2013 ) holding the bulk portions in the production subsector and in the supply subsector severally as illustrated in Figure.[[ 6 ]]Due to the being of vertically incorporate capital groups, the electricity coevals and trade markets remained extremely centralized as PGE, TOURON and EDF together held portions of 55.4 % ( 1.3 % less than in 2012 ) in the installed capacities and 62.6 % ( 1.

7 % less than in 2012 ) in electricity coevals. The HHI index in 2013 saw a farther bead by 4.1 % in comparing to 2012 ( 5.0 % bead in 2012 in comparing to 2011 ) .FigureShare of capital groups in volume of electricity fed into the grid in 2013

The retail market was majorly constituted by the 5 large Distribution System Operators ( DSOs ) with their direct grid connexion to the transmittal grid along with 153 DSOs runing within the vertically incorporate groups who did non take part in the distribution activity and 80 trading companies. On the demand side, about 16,7 million consumers were recognized out of which 15 million ( over 90 % ) belonged to the G duty group ( largely household ) consisting 24 % portion in the entire volume of electricity supply and the remainder of the portions came from A ( industrial consumers, high electromotive force grid ) , B ( industrial consumers, medium electromotive force grid ) and C ( commercial consumers, low electromotive force grid ) duty groups consumers. In 2013, about 89000 consumers belonging to A, B and C groups switched provider, whereas, in G group this figure amounted to 131 000 ensuing in the addition of Third Party Access ( TPA ) clients by 52.6 % ( 39.

4 % from A, B and C groups and 63.1 % for G group ) . [ [ 13 ] ]The alterations on the energy market guaranting liberalisation of electricity market and decrease in monetary values of green certification has lead to diminish in electricity monetary values for consumers who did non exchange providers with the biggest bead observed in group A ( by 9.7 % than in 2012 ) and the smallest bead observed in C group ( 0.

5 % than in 2012 ) .

3. Transmission and distribution web

The Polskie Sieci Elektroenergetyczne SA ( PSE SA ) a province owned entity was appointed as the electricity transmittal system operator ( TSO ) on 10 October 2013 until 31 December 2030. It is responsible for all the activities as mentioned in Article 9, paragraph 1 of the directing 2009/72/EC.

The enfranchisement of independency by TSO as mentioned in the directing 2009/72/EC was transposed into the Polish legal jurisprudence, staying by which PSE SA was granted certification of independency on with mention to Article 9d, paragraph 1e of the Energy Law Act. The TSO is responsible for carry oning trade of electricity both at domestic and across border degree. PSE SA comprises of 245 power line with a entire length of about 13.4 1000 kilometer and a 101 high electromotive force substation ( EHV ) . In order to cover current and future demand for electricity, PSE SA in its development program for 2010-2025 includes the investing undertakings sing interconnectors as shown in Table 9.Table 9Investing Undertakings related to interconnectors [[ 14 ]]

In conformity with Article 9d, paragraph 1 and 2 of the Energy Law Act, the distribution system operator ( DSO ) is a to the full independent from any kind of activities other than those related to transmittal and distribution of electricity. By the terminal of 2013, there were 5 DSOs runing within the vertically incorporate energy groups subjected to legal unbundling and another 153 DSOs which were devoid of legal unbundling. The DSO is responsible for keeping the distribution grid ( normally non more than 110kV ) .

Figure presents the largest DSOs and their several country of operation.FigureDistribution Systems Operators – countries of operation [[ 15 ]]

Guaranting security of electricity supply is non an easy undertaking comprising of both short-run and long-run activities. The President of ERO ensures proper operation of the web by accessing the activities undertaken by the electricity system operator. The relation between available capacities of domestic power workss to the peak capacity demand in National Electricity System ( NES ) in 2013 was assessed as shown inFigure.Figure:Available capacity of domestic power workss and maximal domestic capacity demand in the eventide extremum, presented as mean values on working yearss of a month in 2013 [[ 16 ]]Furthermore, a lessening in modesty capacity of domestic power workss accompanied with an addition in power losingss was observed in comparing to 2012 ( Figure ) . The highest power losingss compared to domestic capacity was observed at 7.2 % and 6.

8 % in April and March severally ( Figure ) .FigureComparison of selected facets of operation of public-service corporation power workss in 2012 and 2013 [[ 19 ]]FigurePower losingss in relation to available capacity in forenoon and flushing extremums in 2013 [[ 20 ]]Electricity its operators do not create global